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    Factorization of $x^n - a^n$

    FF-ED3CD

    A difference of $n$th powers always carries the linear factor $x-a$.Suggest a slogan

    Let \(R\) be a commutative ring, let \(a\in R\), and let \(n\ge1\). In \(R[x]\), \[ x^n-a^n=(x-a)\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}a^kx^{n-1-k}. \]

    Expanding, \[ (x-a)\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}a^kx^{n-1-k}=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}a^kx^{n-k}-\sum_{k=1}^{n}a^kx^{n-k}, \] and the two sums cancel except for the terms \(x^n\) and \(-a^n\).

    How does $x^n - a^n$ factor?